The challenges associated with photocatalysts including their agglomeration, electron–hole recombination and limited optoelectronic reactivity to visible light during the photocatalysis of dye-laden effluent make it necessary ...

Azo dyes in industrial textile and dye effluent (5–30%) have become irresistibly recalcitrant and toxic to both treatments and the environment respectively. Global concerns about the persistent nature of these dyes and the ...